Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? /Width 371 Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. 6 0 obj The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is publishing this proposed rule to revise HUD's regulations for branch office registration requirements. The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. The Journal of Pan African Studies, vol.8, no.2, . sir Arthur Richards strengthened this proposal in 1945 and regionalism was introduced by his administration in 1946. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". RESTRUCTURE OR DISINTEGRATE, OFFICIAL CORRUPTION AND THE DILEMA OF INSTABILITY IN NIGERIA, The Rationale for AfSol in Peace and Security: The Global, National and Regional Precipitants, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Giving Peace a Chance in Nigeria: The Case for a Preventive Diplomacy, Framing of Neo-Biafra Agitations in Selected Nigerian Newspapers, CRISES OF FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE FUTURE OF THE MIDDLE BELT REGION, Social Media and Hate Speech: Analysis of Comments on Biafra Agitations, Nigeria. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. /F6 21 0 R Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Some of the reasons include preservation of identities. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Moreover, It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . This was many times more the population of most African countries then. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. and Democracy in Nigeria, ISSUES IN NIGERIAN FISCAL FEDERALISM; THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPLE OF DERIVATION AND RESOURCE CONTROL. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Nigeria therefore falls into the latter because of the wide diversities. Hon. This is because federalism is presented as a panacea in organizing distinct political identities under a state. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Keywords: Federalism, Nigeria, ethnic groups, federal character principle . Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. In the same way, the political culture of the United States is civic, republican and participatory. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria explained. This is because most of the power (financial and. Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . (eds. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. 3. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. It represents a synthetic between two perspectiveneess; one is that politics of the United States should produce the good commonwealth and the other is that the principal task of politics is to create an open political market. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. Also see: Differences between 1960 and 1963 constitution of Nigeria, reasons for federal system of government in nigeria. . It has been suggested that the creation of more states and local government have helped in the distribution of national cake. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. Levoluzione del federalismo nigeriano tra conflitti etnici e transizioni democratiche. 2. By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. /F7 24 0 R It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. The USA and Canada were formed with the above interest at heart. Besides this desire, there was also the presence of certain socio-economic conditions (Babalola, 2013 . POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. Nigeria can be said to be operating the federal system of government, whereas in actual practice, the country is tending towards a unitary system. Excellent, thanks a lot f Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. endobj The Plural nature of Nigeria. Reasons For The Adoption Of Federalism In Nigeria. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. The states too have no resources for development but depended on federal grants. One of the major reasons why countries choose federalism is because of size. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br By the time Nigeria became a republic, the system of federalism was adopted and the country was considered as a federation of three regions. Best information base for latest information both national and international. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. Your email address will not be published. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. The federal government however has occupied a very strong position vis--vis the State and Local government since the 1970's in Nigeria. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. A Policy Brief examining the actors, factors and dynamics of the agitations, questioning if the current agitation is another flash in the pan and if current responses are adequate to address the agitations for secession of Biafra from Nigeria. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. For citation see: http://www.cejiss.org/issue-detail/biafra-s-resurgence-state-failure-insecurity-and-separatist-agitations-in-nigeria. Post-independence creation of states and further division of states created after independence was done as a framework for the development of Nigeria. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Keywords: Civil war, Secession, Self-determination, Nationalism and Restructuring, This work critically examines the issues undermining the unification of Nigeria, using indicators and concepts including failed state, separatist agitation and insecurity. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, Institutional Engineering and the Survival of Nigerian Federalism, " Managing a Plural Society : the Boomerang Effects of Nigerian Federalism' Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics , 27, 1-2 (July 1989), 218-245, An Historical Interrogation of Federalism berlin, THE PRACTICE OF TRUE FEDERALISM IN NIGERIA AND THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, "The dawn of constitutionalism in Nigeria in Mbondenyi, M. K., and Ojienda T. /Contents 4 0 R Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. Therefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. In this paper I explain the hows and whys of the minorities continued disadvantaged status in spite of the far-reaching steps that have been taken to ameliorate, if not eliminate, the problem. Payment Details. Put differently, revenue sharing has become a recurrent crisis factor in Nigeria. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . Nigeria's independence was gotten and founded on the basis of a federalist system of Government. Government at different periods had set up commissions to advise on the acceptable revenue sharing formula, especially as it affects the three (3) tiers of government. >> British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. The effectiveness of linking communications has been a vital factor in geographical unit. Olawale Olaopa, Ibikunle Ogundari, Mike Awoleye and Willie Siyanbola, Nigeria Quasi Federalism: An Obstacle To Peace And Development In Nigeria, FEDERAL BALANCING IN NIGERIA: A PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE DEMOCRACY, DECENTRALIZING PUBLIC SECTOR COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF FEDERAL PRACTICE IN NIGERIA, The National Assembly, Constitution Amendment and Civil Society Expectations, True Federalism in Nigeria: A Political Discourse, Re-regionalization and Fiscal Federalism: The Panacea for Accelerated National Development in Nigeria, REPORT OF NIGERIA'S 2014 NATIONAL DIALOGUE, Politics, Power. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. ideology, federalism becomes the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the. So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. MCC Vol 2 No 1 Article 04.pdf, GJ #2018, 2, Globalization and Federation in Peril: Renewed Agitations for Statehood and the Future of Nigerian State, by A. M. Maigari and U. Dantani, GLOBALIZATION AND FEDERATION IN PERIL: RENEWED AGITATIONS FOR STATEHOOD AND THE FUTURE OF NIGERIAN STATE, RESTRUCTURING NIGERIA: BEYOND POLITICAL RHETORIC AND THE MORAL PANIC, PDF copy of Published paper on Agitation and restructuring.pdf, ESSAYS ON RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION AS A PEREMPTORY NORM AND THE LIMITATION IN EXERCISING THAT RIGHT.pdf, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Legal Aid Journal of Legal Issues Vol. Evidently, Nigerias political culture was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of federalism. Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. %PDF-1.5 In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. In other not to control only some parts of the big country, Nigeria, the colonial masters thought it wise to divide the country into different component units that will be represented in the government. This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. government and the governed by enhancing political cohesion in such country with regional, ethic, racial, linguistic and cultural diversity like Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. However, the practice of fiscal federalism in Nigeria is a negation of true federalism. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. Mainly of telling who is who in a given society. In the first place, therefore, the contemplation of a federal pact is one of an overwhelming outcome of the emphatic need to handle the above concerns acceptably. History of federal system of government in nigeria. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. stream Federalism: Federal Features in the Colonial State." A chronology of critical events in Nigeria's political development from the adoption of a federal system in 1954 to the present is provided in Table 1. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. According to Ayoade (2009:iii): Nigerians have come to identify the first republic 1960- 66 as the golden age of federalism in Nigeria. Minority Issues and the Creation of State | Week 10. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Required fields are marked *. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. CLICK HERE To Pay With Debit Card ($15) GHANA - Make Payment of 80 GHS to MTN MoMo, 0553978005, Douglas Osabutey. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Everybody would likely agree that the conscious awareness and awakening of the course of who is who invariably determines who gets what, perhaps when and how. Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. In a Unitary system, the minority states cannot govern the entire region which is controlled by majority. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. This simply means that federalism in Nigeria provides accommodation, an institutional arrangement which gives the component units equal and coordinate jural status. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. /F3 12 0 R But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. This has led to a deep sense of alienation and politics of ethnic identity.
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reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf