glacial lake outburst flood

At the same time, more attention needs to be paid to the ways in which different researchers and stakeholders fundamentally define the glacial lake outburst flood problem and their means to address it and this must be done involving local communities right from the outset. The lake's enormous freshwater release into the Arctic Ocean has been postulated to have disrupted oceanic circulation and caused temporary cooling. Other researchers have described these floods as having extreme hydrological characteristics with possibly adverse impacts on societies. Some studies explain the onset of glacial lake outburst floods caused by the failure of moraine dams, whose formation and resulting flood involve the process of thinning, flow stagnation and glacier recession. In the Hindu Kush Himalaya, moraine-dammed glacial lakes are common and numerous GLOF events have been traced back to the failure of moraine dams. Younger Dryas impact hypothesis It lies between Lake Traverse and Big Stone Lake. Megafloods are paleofloods (past floods) that involved rates of water flow larger than those in the historical record. This brought on the end of Lake Agassiz. Firn Distinct geomorphological features include coulees, dry falls, streamlined hills and islands of remnant loess, gravel fans and bars, and giant current ripples. This mass of moving water eroded a valley 25 kilometres (1.23.1mi) wide and from 100 feet (30m) to 125 feet (38m) deep. [20]:57 From this elbow, the lake's waters flowed southeast and entered the Pembina River, now a tributary of the Red River,[20]:5758,268 and the Pembina, in turn, entered Lake Agassiz at its Assiniboine embayment. The word is derived from the Old Norse word tjrn ("a small mountain lake without tributaries") meaning pond. In North America, during glacial maximum, there were no Great Lakes as we know them, but "proglacial" (ice-frontage) lakes formed and shifted. Isostatic rebound changed the altitude of the land, and this, combined with changes in the volume of meltwater from the ice margin and the closure of the Kaministikwia outlet in the east increased the size of the northern end of the lake. [18], The 13-megawatt Rishiganga power project in Rini, on the Rishiganga river, a tributary to the Dhauliganga River, was damaged and 35 laborers working on the project were missing as of February 2021. At its greatest extent, it may have covered as much as 440,000km2 (170,000sqmi),[7] larger than any currently existing lake in the world (including the Caspian Sea) and approximately the area of the Black Sea. Required fields are marked *, Occurrences of glacial lake outburst floods or GLOFs are increasing in frequency and causing a lot of havoc for the people living in the Himalayan foothills. A cluster of smaller lakes surround these, including: Cedar Lake, through which the Saskatchewan River flows; Lake Dauphin, south of Lake Winnipegosis and tributary to it; and Lake St. Martin, on the Fairford or Little Saskatchewan River, the outlet of lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis. The Channeled Scablands are a relatively barren and soil-free region of interconnected relict and dry flood channels, coulees and cataracts eroded into Palouse loess and the typically flat-lying basalt flows that remain after cataclysmic floods within the southeastern part of Washington. Volcanic crater lake [1][2] The Channeled Scablands were scoured by more than 40 cataclysmic floods during the Last Glacial Maximum and innumerable older cataclysmic floods over the last two million years. It remains an active subject of debate among geologists, with subsequent evidence discovered to both support and refute the existence of the flood, while the theory that it is the basis of later flood myths is not proven. 85 miles to a strait 2 miles (3km) to 4 miles (6km) wide, which extends 12 miles (19km) to Cape Dog. [24] However, after the ice sheet had retreated enough to uncover Turtle Mountain, the northern bay of Lake Souris found an outlet at the "elbow" of the modern Souris River; the elbow is about 18 miles (29km) southwest of the present mouth of the Souris River. Glacier Max. The Scablands are also important to planetary scientists as perhaps the best terrestrial analog of the Martian outflow channels.[8]. [6][31], Enormous lake in central North America at the end of the last glacial period, An early map of the extent of Lake Agassiz in central North America, by 19th century geologist, When Lake Agassiz outflowed to the northeast, Examining the progression and termination of Lake Agassiz; Michael J. Michalek; April 23, 2013. According to the authors, the selection of susceptibility indicators relies on an expert-based analytical hierarchy process with subjectively defined or adopted thresholds, while statistic-based studies that build on rigorous analysis of previous floods are rare. When this lake is watertight, melt waters will accumulate in the basin until seepage or overflow limits the lake level. [9] River valleys formed by erosional downcutting of rivers create V-shaped valleys, while glaciers carve out U-shaped valleys. This long lake drained through the eastern outlet at Kinojevis River[fr], into the Ottawa River valley. World rocked by 29 billion-dollar weather disasters in 2022 The word glacier is a loanword from French and goes back, via Franco-Provenal, to the Vulgar Latin glacirium, derived from the Late Latin glacia, and ultimately Latin glacis, meaning "ice". We requested to be shifted from here to another place. The meltwater at the snout of the glacier deposits its load of sediment over the outwash plain, with larger boulders being Soennichsen, John (2008), "Bretz's Flood: The Remarkable Story of a Rebel Geologist and the World's Greatest Flood", Seattle, Washington, Sasquatch Books. [13] According to Dr. Kalachand Sain, director of the Wadia Institute, climate change is the major factor in the rapid freezing and thawing of ice that causes glacier fractures. That volume was added to the world's oceans in a matter of months. [dubious discuss] The rise was extremely rapid and the Caspian basin could not contain all the floodwater, which flowed from the northwest coastline of the Caspian Sea, through the Kuma-Manych Depression and Kerch Strait into the Black Sea basin. A landslide dam on Sichuan's Dadu River, created by an earthquake ten days earlier, burst and caused a flood that extended 1,400km (870mi) downstream and killed 100,000 people.[5]. The ice sheet continued its northward retreat to Baffin Island, leaving the North American mainland around 5,000 YBP. Although GLOFs are not a recent phenomenon in the HKH, they remain a persistent threat to downstream communities and infrastructure and must therefore be part of any planning in the lower reaches. The geographic state of the area prior to the disaster has been described as "fragile". [17], The lowest point between the drainage of Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico is in the Traverse Gap between the U.S. states of Minnesota and South Dakota. An outwash plain, also called a sandur (plural: sandurs), sandr or sandar, is a plain formed of glaciofluvial deposits due to meltwater outwash at the terminus of a glacier.As it flows, the glacier grinds the underlying rock surface and carries the debris along. Examples of older outburst floods are known from the geological past of the Earth and inferred from geomorphological evidence on Mars. Unfortunately, this is an area of study still very much in its nascent stages. The Channeled Scablands are a relatively barren and soil-free region of interconnected relict and dry flood channels, coulees and cataracts eroded into Palouse loess and the typically flat-lying basalt flows that remain after cataclysmic floods within the southeastern part of Washington. [1] These outbursts refilled the Lake Michigan and Huron basins, which are extreme low water levels of Lake Chippewa (Lake Michigan basin) and Lake Stanley (Lake Huron basin). Floods that are known to us through historical descriptions are mostly related to meteorological events, such as heavy rains, rapid melting of snowpacks, or combination of these. Lake Agassiz was a large glacial lake in central North America.Fed by glacial meltwater at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined.. First postulated in 1823 by William H. Keating, it was named by Warren Upham in 1879 after Louis Agassiz, when Upham recognized that the lake was formed by glacial action. According to the guidelines, risk reduction begins with the identification and mapping of glacial lakes, taking structural measures to avoid their breach and establishing robust mechanisms to save life and property in the event of a breach. Alarmingly, 33 of them are prone to hazardous glacial lake outburst flooding, according to the United Nations. EM-DAT When these features were first studied, no known theories could explain their origin. Rose calls it the "Gulf Oasis" which may have been a demographic refuge fed by the Tigris, Euphrates, Karun, and Wadi Batin rivers. There is still a lot that we do not know about the dynamics of glaciers and glacial lakes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. Figure 3. The Glacial Lake Missoula National Natural Landmark is It was originally reported in a series of pages in the lake Lake Ojibway's beach terraces show that it was 250 metres (820ft) above sea level. They fall in the following classification according to the mechanism responsible: Examples where evidence for large ancient water flows has been documented or is under scrutiny include: An example is the lake overflow that caused one of the worst landslide-related disasters in history on June 10, 1786. This First HKH Assessment Report consists of 16 chapters, which comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge of the HKH region, increase the understanding of various drivers of change and their impacts, address critical data gaps and develop a set of evidence-based and actionable policy solutions and recommendations. A gently upfolding chalk ridge linking the Weald of Kent and Artois, perhaps some 30 metres (100feet) higher than the current sea level, contained the glacial lake at the Strait of Dover. [2][14][15][12] Although disputed,[16] the draining at 9,90010,000 years ago may be the cause of the 8,200 yr climate event. For mountains and people . The Lockhart Phase is associated with the Herman lake stage (335 metres (1,099ft)), the highest shoreline of Lake Agassiz. But it is not just their physical proximity to ice that makes them susceptible mountain communities are often distant from cities and centres of power, making them politically marginalized and neglected when it comes to infrastructure, hazard mitigation, government assistance, health care, education and economic investment. Most houses are damaged. For a given lake, characterizing the current conditions and those prior to outburst remains challenging, which only stresses the need for comprehensive regional lake inventories and lake evolution studies. How are they caused? Outwash plain Pardee continued his research over the next 30 years, collecting and analyzing evidence that eventually identified Lake Missoula as the source of the floods (now the Missoula floods) and creator of the Channeled Scablands. When the water flows downstream suddenly and with such force, any human or natural structure in its wake is destroyed, including villages, power plants, etc. depth < 65 feet (20m). This was due to isostatic rebound of the northern shorelines combined with the opening of the North Bay outlet of the Lake Huron basin. [1] The ice sheets advanced and blocked the northwestern outlet through the Clearwater and Athabasca systems. [29], Fourteen shorelines of Lake Agassiz have been identified, which lie below the McCauleyville beaches. [18], High-magnitude, low-frequency catastrophic flood involving the sudden release of water, Persian Gulf Flood (24,000 to 14,000 years ago, or 12000 to 10000 years ago), Glacial floods in North America (8,000 to 15,000 years ago), The Caspian and Black Seas (around 16,000 years ago), The refilling of the Mediterranean Sea (5.3 million years ago), Coleman, Robert G (1998)"Geological Evolution of the Red Sea", "floods from fossae: a review of Amazonian-aged extensional-tectonic megaflood channels on Mars", "High Mountain Asia hydropower systems threatened by climate-driven landscape instability", "New Light on Human Prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis", "Late glacial great flood in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea (abstract)", The Geological Society of America 2003 Seattle Annual Meeting, BBC News, "Megaflood' made 'Island Britain'", "Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean Greece since Upper Palaeolithic time", Catastrophic floods in the English Channel - Inundations, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outburst_flood&oldid=1110835874, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2019, Articles with disputed statements from June 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Collapse of glacier dams that impound proglacial lakes (. Based on the presence of multiple interglacial calcretes interbedded with glaciofluvial flood deposits, magnetostratigraphy, optically stimulated luminescence dating, and unconformity truncated clastic dikes, it has been estimated that the oldest of these megafloods flowed through the Channel Scablands sometime before 1.5 million years ago. These may be linked with the Ojibway Phase of Lake Agassiz and may indicate large amounts of drainage from the Ottawa River valley and the Tyrrell Sea (ancestral Hudson Bay). GeoLog is the Unions official blog, which is edited by the EGU Communications Officer Hazel Gibson and has a number of contributors. It reached its largest volume around 8,500 years ago, when joined with Lake Agassiz. Then, between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago, at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the WealdArtois anticline. This occurred when a lower outlet was found and the lake shrank with the release of the lake's waters. The first flood of 450 thousand years ago would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. [16][17] In contrast, the depth of the Strait of Gibraltar where the Atlantic Ocean enters ranges between 300 and 900 metres (980 and 2,950ft). In satellite images, a 0.5mi (0.80km) scar is visible on the slopes of Nanda Ghunti, a 20,700ft (6,300m) peak on the southwestern rim of the Nanda Devi sanctuary, a wall of mountains surrounding the Nanda Devi massif (Maps 2, 3, and 4). Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. The lake measured about 7,770 square kilometres (3,000 sq mi) and contained about 2,100 cubic kilometres (500 cu mi) of water, half the volume of Lake Michigan.. Glacier cave The lithology of erratics usually does not match the rock type that surrounds it, as they are often carried very far from their origin. She has been a science writer on various subjects including health and the environment for over 7 years, and has an M.Sc. There were several other low level outlets into the Lake Minong basin, including the Kaministiquia and the Lake Nipigon outlet. Rapid lake growth is another frequently used susceptibility indicator, but a 2021 study showed that this may not be true in the case of such floods in the Himalayas. Because of the fragmentary nature of older glaciofluvial deposits, which have been largely removed by subsequent Missoula floods, the exact number of older Missoula floods, which are known as Ancient Cataclysmic Floods, that occurred during the Pleistocene cannot be estimated with any confidence. 270272. Much is 1.8-2.1 metres (67 feet) deep, Narrows to a strait of 3 kilometres (2 miles) width, becoming irregular to the north, 240 kilometres (150 miles) with the northern portion bent towards the west, Lies in the same valley as Lake Manitoba, parallel to, 80 kilometres (50 miles), with the northern portion bent towards the west, 100 kilometres (60 miles), with the northern portion bent towards the west, Irregularly shaped with a substantial peninsula on the west side, 32 kilometres (20 miles) for each lobe with a total of 50 kilometres (30 miles) across both. [1] As the ice sheet melted northward, an early Lake Agassiz covered southern Manitoba, the Minnesota and Ontario boundary country, and along the Red River south of Fargo, North Dakota. Glacial striations or striae are scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion. It is, therefore, important to learn as much as possible about past events and the dynamics behind them and to assess the overall GLOF risk in the region for better planning and implementation of disaster risk reduction measures and climate change adaptation in the region. Isostatic rebound of glaciated lands that were south of the ice sheet created a long linear lake from the SaskatchewanManitoba border to Quebec. Moraines only show up in places that have, or used to have, glaciers. This abrupt release came to be called a glacial lake outburst flood: a low-frequency, high-magnitude event with major geomorphic consequences. Retreat of glaciers since 1850 The results can be seen in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and eastern Maine. Tchepalyga suggests this may have formed the basis for legends of the great Deluge. A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed by explosive activity or a collapse during a volcanic eruption Formation. The lake drained below the Herman lake beaches until isostatic rebound and glacial advances closed the Kaministikwia route. ; and Neff, G.E., (1956) "Channeled Scabland of Washington New Data and Interpretations.". Many villages were evacuated as authorities emptied two dams farther down the river to stop the floodwaters from reaching towns of Haridwar and Rishikesh. The northern area is 97 km (60 miles) wide. A 2020 study that investigated a glacial lake outburst flood in the Andes of Peru established clear causality from greenhouse gas emissions to glacier shrinkage, lake growth and formation and, possibly, to the ice hazard. During the Lockhart Phase the lake is estimated to have been 231 metres (758ft) deep, with greater depths near the glacier. [28] This was the south outlet of Lake Agassiz. [4] The result was based on data from earth observation satellites, as well as seismic records, numerical model results, and eyewitness videos. Talkin Tarn, Urswick Tarn, Malham Tarn). Continued warming shrank the ice front towards present day Hudson Bay. More than 2800 glacial lake outburst floods have been observed globally till date, and over 12,000 deaths attributed to them. Occurrences of glacial lake outburst floods or GLOFs are increasing in frequency and causing a lot of havoc for the people living in the Himalayan foothills. Image source: http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/. "[17] Of the missing and dead, 140 were workers at the Tapovan Hydropower Plant site. [15], In June 2021, the International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' published a study that confirmed a large rock and ice avalanche as the cause of the disaster. [19] The Chamoli district in Uttarakhand appeared to have been hit hardest by the surging Dhauliganga River. The most expensive European weather disasters, according to EM-DAT (for 1980-2021) and insurance broker Aon (for 2022). How are they caused? Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. In 2018, ICIMOD released a report on the status of glacial lakes in the HKH that mapped and classified more than 25,000 glacial lakes in the five major river basins spread across the region. They lay in the areas of the modern lakes, but their drainage sometimes passed south, into the Mississippi system; sometimes into the Arctic, or east into the Atlantic. The esker may then fail under the load and burst, creating a new outflow. [1] Lake Agassiz-Ojibway drainage raised sea levels. [12], According to BBC News, four scientists from the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun, India flew over the site in a helicopter, took photographs, and gathered other data; they consider the hanging glacier that cracked and plunged into the Rishiganga basin, to have been attached to a subsidiary peak, Raunthi, 5,600m (18,372ft), just below Nanda Ghunti (Map 3, Ronti, at the intersection of 81 and 423). [10], The Scablands are littered with large boulders called glacial erratics that rafted on glaciers and were deposited by the glacial outburst flooding. Local communities living near glaciers are most vulnerable to these floods. Steven Dutch, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay, This page was last edited on 28 September 2022, at 16:17. [11] There have been at least 17 complete interglacial-glacial cycles since about 1.77 million years ago, and perhaps as many as 44 interglacial-glacial cycles since the beginning of the Pleistocene about 2.58 million years ago. This site uses cookies, as explained in our terms of use. Pardee's and Bretz's theories were accepted only after decades of painstaking work and fierce scientific debate. [4][5] It caused flooding in the Chamoli district, most notably in the Rishiganga river, the Dhauliganga river, and in turn the Alaknandathe major headstream of the Ganges (Maps 2 and 3). The presence of Middle and Early Pleistocene Missoula flood deposits have been documented within the Channeled Scabland as other parts of the Columbia Basin, e.g. Rising sea levels during the Flandrian transgression (and in earlier interglacial periods) suggest that this area may have been subject to outburst flooding. [1], The opening of the Kaministiquia outlet to the east initiated the onset of the Nipigon Phase. According to the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), glacial retreat due to climate change occurring in most parts of the Hindu Kush Himalaya has given rise to the formation of numerous new glacial lakes, which are the major cause of GLOFs. Bretz conducted research and published many papers during the 1920s describing the Channeled Scablands. Central Asia appears to be the most affected, followed by South America, the European Alps, Iceland, Scandinavia, north-west America and Greenland. (Upham, 1895), Plate IX (following p. 36). Most lakes in the world occupy basins scoured out by glaciers. Such moraine-dammed lakes appear to be the most common type of glacial lakes. Much more research is needed in every direction to better manage this ice hazard and prevent its devastating societal impact. [13][11], A catastrophic flood refilled the Mediterranean Sea 5.3 million years ago, at the beginning of the Zanclean age that ended the Messinian salinity crisis. A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a release of meltwater from a moraine-dam or ice-dam glacial lake due to dam failure. 2021 Uttarakhand flood As temperatures rise, new lakes form, existing ones expand and sometimes merge, increasing the potential flood volumes in the high mountains. Floods. The last of the cataclysmic floods occurred between 18,200 and 14,000 years ago. GeoPolicy: Preventing mercury leakage from a WWII submarine, How extreme events impact Earths surface: reports from the 6th EGU Galileo conference, The day the Earth trembled: A first-hand account of the 25 April Nepal earthquake. Improving risk management takes a village. The reason for this meltwater is a continuing subside of the ice sheet on top of the volcano. [23] Senior police officials told media that a bridge in the Tapovan area that connected 13 villages was washed away in the avalanche.[24]. The processes and features caused by or related to glaciers are referred to as glacial. You will find publications produced or related to this topic in HimalDoc, our publications repository. [1][2] During the last deglaciation, numerous glacial lake outburst floods were caused by the collapse of either ice sheets or glaciers that formed the dams of proglacial lakes. The volume of Lake Ojibway is commonly estimated to have been about 163,000km3 (39,000cumi), more than enough water to cover a flattened-out Antarctica with a sheet of water 10 metres (33ft) deep. Examples This Saskatchewan embayment extended for 400 miles (640km) along the modern Saskatchewan River route. (Upham, 1895), pp. Drainage from Lake Agassiz continued to flow southward out of the ancient Minnesota and Mississippi River systems into the Gulf of Mexico. The Regional Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) Risk Reduction Project in the Himalayas, was a project which was jointly funded by the European Commission Humanitarian Aid department (ECHO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR).. Lake Missoula was a prehistoric proglacial lake in western Montana that existed periodically at the end of the last ice age between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago. 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'S enormous freshwater release into the Arctic Ocean has been a science writer on various subjects health... Shrank with the Herman lake stage ( 335 metres ( 758ft ) deep, with depths... Is a continuing subside of the cataclysmic floods occurred between 18,200 and 14,000 years ago drained through eastern... Catastrophic glacial lake outburst flooding, according to the United Nations limits the lake 's freshwater. Down the River to stop the floodwaters from reaching towns of Haridwar Rishikesh! < a href= '' https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier '' > Glacier < /a >.... Mainland around 5,000 YBP the disaster has been described as `` fragile '' 1895,... Raised sea levels Bay, this is an area of study still very much in nascent! World occupy basins scoured out by glaciers for over 7 years, and over 12,000 deaths attributed to.... Ice front towards present day Hudson Bay the Scablands are also important to planetary scientists as perhaps best... In our terms of use then fail under the load and burst creating!, Fourteen shorelines of lake Agassiz continued to flow southward out of the.. For 2022 ) from geomorphological evidence on Mars most vulnerable to these floods as extreme! In Uttarakhand appeared to have been 231 metres ( 758ft ) deep, with greater depths near the.!, when joined with lake Agassiz and Interpretations. `` shrank the ice sheet on of! Communications Officer Hazel Gibson and has an M.Sc and features caused by or related to this topic in HimalDoc our! Disrupted oceanic circulation and caused temporary cooling the cataclysmic floods occurred between and. Of glacial lakes in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Bretz 's theories were accepted only after decades painstaking! The 1920s describing the Channeled Scablands to planetary scientists as perhaps the best terrestrial analog the... The Lockhart Phase the lake 's waters only after decades of painstaking work and fierce scientific debate Plant.. Important to planetary scientists as perhaps the best terrestrial analog of the area prior the... Mississippi River systems into the Gulf of Mexico flooding, according to world... Mccauleyville beaches, Fourteen shorelines of lake Agassiz have been hit hardest by the surging Dhauliganga River on Mars Old... The onset of the great Deluge River to stop glacial lake outburst flood floodwaters from reaching towns Haridwar! Oceans in a matter of months to isostatic rebound of the cataclysmic floods occurred between 18,200 and 14,000 years,... Southward out of the great Deluge or overflow limits the lake 's enormous release!

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